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作者：Larissa L. Faustmann, Mareike Altgassen

摘要原文：The ability to create mental representations of scenes is essential for remembering, predicting, and imagining. In individuals with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) this ability may be impaired. Considering that autistic characteristics such as weak central coherence or reduced communication abilities may disadvantage autistic participants in traditional imagery tasks, this study attempted to use a novel task design to measure the ability of scene imagery. Thirty high-functioning adults with ASD and 27 non-autistic matched control adults were asked to describe imagined fictitious scenes using two types of scene imagery tasks. In a free imagery task, participants were asked to imagine a scene based on a given keyword. In a guided imagery task, participants had to imagine a scene based on a detailed description of the scene. Additionally, narrative abilities were assessed using the Narrative Scoring Scheme. Statistical analyses revealed no group effects in the free and guided imagery of fictional scenes. Participants with ASD performed worse than control participants in the narrative task. Narrative abilities correlated positively with performance in both imagery tasks in the ASD group only. Hence, individuals with ASD seem to show as good imagery abilities as non-autistic individuals. The results are discussed in the light of the differences between imagery and imagination and possible gender differences.

摘要翻译：创建场景的心理表征的能力对于记忆、预测和想象至关重要。在患有自闭症谱系障碍 (ASD) 的个体中，这种能力可能会受到损害。考虑到自闭症患者的特征，如中心连贯性较弱或沟通能力下降，可能会使自闭症参与者在传统表象任务中处于不利地位，本研究尝试使用一种新颖的任务设计来衡量场景表象的能力。 30 名患有 ASD 的高功能成年人和 27 名非自闭症匹配对照成年人被要求使用两种类型的场景意象任务来描述想象的虚构场景。在免费图像任务中，参与者被要求根据给定的关键字想象一个场景。在引导想象任务中，参与者必须根据场景的详细描述想象一个场景。此外，使用叙事评分方案评估叙事能力。统计分析显示，虚构场景的自由和引导意象不存在群体效应。自闭症谱系障碍参与者在叙事任务中的表现比对照组参与者差。仅自闭症谱系障碍组的叙事能力与两项意象任务的表现呈正相关。因此，自闭症患者似乎表现出与非自闭症患者一样好的想象能力。根据意象和想象之间的差异以及可能的性别差异对结果进行了讨论。

作者：Prof Geraldine Dawson, PhD 、Amber D Rieder, PhD、Prof Mark H Johnson, PhD

摘要原文：Autism spectrum disorder (henceforth autism) is a neurodevelopmental condition that can be reliably diagnosed in children by age 18–24 months. Prospective longitudinal studies of infants aged 1 year and younger who are later diagnosed with autism are elucidating the early developmental course of autism and identifying ways of predicting autism before diagnosis is possible. Studies that use MRI, EEG, and near-infrared spectroscopy have identified differences in brain development in infants later diagnosed with autism compared with infants without autism. Retrospective studies of infants younger than 1 year who received a later diagnosis of autism have also showed an increased prevalence of health conditions, such as sleep disorders, gastrointestinal disorders, and vision problems. Behavioural features of infants later diagnosed with autism include differences in attention, vocalisations, gestures, affect, temperament, social engagement, sensory processing, and motor abilities. Although research findings offer insight on promising screening approaches for predicting autism in infants, individual-level predictions remain a future goal. Multiple scientific challenges and ethical questions remain to be addressed to translate research on early brain-based and behavioural predictors of autism into feasible and reliable screening tools for clinical practice.

摘要翻译：自闭症谱系障碍（以下简称自闭症）是一种神经发育疾病，可以在 18-24 个月大的儿童中可靠地诊断出来。对后来被诊断患有自闭症的 1 岁及以下婴儿的前瞻性纵向研究正在阐明自闭症的早期发展过程，并确定在诊断之前预测自闭症的方法。使用 MRI、EEG 和近红外光谱的研究发现，与没有自闭症的婴儿相比，后来被诊断患有自闭症的婴儿的大脑发育存在差异。对后来被诊断为自闭症的 1 岁以下婴儿的回顾性研究也表明，睡眠障碍、胃肠道疾病和视力问题等健康状况的患病率增加。后来被诊断患有自闭症的婴儿的行为特征包括注意力、发声、手势、情感、气质、社交参与、感觉处理和运动能力的差异。尽管研究结果为预测婴儿自闭症的有前途的筛查方法提供了见解，但个体水平的预测仍然是未来的目标。要把自闭症早期基于大脑和行为的预测因子的研究转化为临床实践的可行和可靠的筛查工具，仍有许多科学挑战和伦理问题有待解决。

作者：

Guillon,Q (Guillon,Quentin)  ; Baduel,S (Baduel,Sophie) ; BejaranoMartín,A(Bejarano-Martin, Alvaro) ; CanalBedia,R (CanalBedia,Ricardo) ; MaganMaganto,M (Magan-Maganto, Maria) 等；

摘要：

Satisfaction with the detection process of autism and its determinants was investigated using data from the Autism Spectrum Disorder in the European Union (2015-2018) network. A total of 1342 family members, including 1278 parents, completed an online survey collecting information about their experience and satisfaction with the early detection of autism in their child. Overall, the level of satisfaction varied considerably from one respondent to another. Difficulty in finding information about detection services, lack of professional guidance and support in response to first concerns, finding a diagnostic service on one’s own, and a delay of more than 4 months between the confirmation of concerns and the first appointment with a specialist were all experiences individually associated with greater odds of being less satisfied. Using a dominance analysis approach, we further identified professional guidance and support in response to first concerns as the most important predictor of the level of satisfaction. These findings highlight the aspects of the process that need to be improved to enhance the experience of the detection process and are therefore relevant to guide health administrations toward actions to be implemented to this effect. Lay abstract Professional guidance and support in response to first concerns appears to be an important predictor of the level of satisfaction with the detection process of autism in young children. In this study, we analyzed the views of 1342 family members, including 1278 parents, who completed an online survey form collecting information about their experience and satisfaction with the early detection of autism in their child. Specifically, we were interested in how specific experiences with the detection process relate to the satisfaction with it and whether we could identify important predictors of satisfaction. The detection process is an emotionally charged period for parents, often described as painful, chaotic, and lengthy. A better understanding of their experiences is important to take appropriate action to improve the detection process. In our sample, the level of satisfaction with the detection process varied greatly from one respondent to another. Among the different experiences we considered, whether or not respondents received professional guidance and support in response to first concerns explained most of this variation. We also found that difficulty finding information about detection services, lack of professional guidance and support in response to first concerns, having to find a diagnostic service on one’s own, and longer delays between confirmation of concerns and first appointment with a specialist were experiences associated with a greater likelihood of being unsatisfied. The findings of this study highlight the importance of the parent-professional relationship in the detection process and have important practical implications for health administrations to improve the detection process.

利用来自欧盟自闭症谱系障碍（2015-2018年）网络的数据，调查了对自闭症检测过程的满意度及其决定因素。共有1342名家庭成员参与了在线调查，其中包括1278名家长，收集了有关他们对孩子早期自闭症检测经验和满意度的信息。总体而言，满意度水平在不同受访者之间差异较大。发现与较低满意度相关的个体经历包括难以获取有关检测服务的信息，首次担忧时缺乏专业指导和支持，自行找到诊断服务以及确认担忧后与专家首次预约之间延迟超过4个月等。通过支配分析方法，我们进一步确定了首次担忧时的专业指导和支持是满意度水平的最重要预测因素。这些发现凸显了需要改进的检测过程方面，并因此与指导卫生管理部门朝着实施相应行动相关。简明摘要对于自闭症早期检测过程的满意度水平，首次担忧时的专业指导和支持似乎是一个重要的预测因素。在这项研究中，我们分析了1342名家庭成员（包括1278名家长）的观点，他们完成了一个在线调查表格，收集了有关他们对孩子早期自闭症检测的经验和满意度的信息。具体来说，我们感兴趣的是特定的检测过程经历如何与满意度相关，并且是否能够确定重要的满意度预测因素。检测过程是一个情感上充满挑战的时期，常常被描述为痛苦、混乱和漫长。了解他们的经历对于采取适当的行动以改善检测过程至关重要。在我们的样本中，对检测过程的满意度水平在不同受访者之间差异很大。在我们考虑的不同经历中，受访者是否在首次担忧时获得了专业指导和支持解释了大部分这种差异。我们还发现，难以获取有关检测服务的信息、首次担忧时缺乏专业指导和支持、自行找到诊断服务以及确认担忧后与专家首次预约之间的延迟都与更大的不满意可能性相关。这项研究的发现突显了家长与专业人员关系在检测过程中的重要性，并对于卫生管理部门改进检测过程具有重要的实践意义。