研究文章
资源中心收集了大量的文章供读者参考

作者：

Chang, JC (Chang, Jung-Chi) [; Lai, MC (Lai, Meng-Chuan) ; Tai, YM (Tai, Yueh-Ming)  ; Gau, SSF (Gau, Susan Shur-Fen)

摘要：

Cross-sectional research has demonstrated the overrepresentation of gender dysphoria in children and adults with autism spectrum disorder. However, the predictors and underlying mechanisms of this co-occurrence remain unclear. This follow-up study aimed to explore baseline (childhood/adolescence) predictors for the follow-up (adulthood) self-reported wish to be of the opposite sex and to investigate its mental health correlates in a sample of 88 autistic individuals as compared with 42 typically developing controls. An item on the Adult Self-Report Inventory-4, “I wish I was the opposite sex,” was used. We compared mental health symptoms between adults with and without this item endorsement. We used prediction models to explore family and autism-related predictors in childhood/adolescence to endorse this item in adulthood. There were more adults endorsing the item in the autism spectrum disorder group compared with the typically developing group. Autistic adults who endorsed the item experienced more mental health challenges, more bullying victimization, more suicidal ideations, and worse quality of life. Lower parent-reported family support and more stereotyped/repetitive behaviors during childhood/adolescence predicted the self-reported wish to be of the opposite sex in adulthood in autistic individuals. It is necessary to raise more attention to gender development and related mental health impact in autistic individuals. Lay abstract Autistic people/people with autism spectrum disorder are more likely to experience gender dysphoria. However, the possible longitudinal predictors and underlying mechanisms of this co-occurrence are unclear. To fill this knowledge gap, we assessed 88 people with autism spectrum disorder and 42 typically developing individuals at their average ages of 13.0 (baseline, childhood/adolescence) and 20.2 years old (follow-up, adulthood). At follow-up, their endorsement on the item “I wish I was the opposite sex” was used to evaluate gender dysphoric symptoms. We compared mental health symptoms between adults with and without this item endorsement at the follow-up assessment. We explored parent-reported family and autism characteristics-related predictors in childhood/adolescence to this item endorsement in adulthood. We found that more autistic adults reported the wish to be of the opposite sex than did typically developing individuals. Autistic adults who endorsed this item experienced more mental health challenges, more school bullying and cyberbullying, more suicidal ideation, and worse quality of life. Moreover, parent-reported lower family support and more stereotyped/repetitive behaviors during childhood/adolescence predicted the self-reported wish to be of the opposite sex in adulthood in autistic individuals. More attention and support should be provided to autistic people regarding gender development and related mental health and quality of life impact, especially during the transition period to young adulthood.

横断面研究表明，自闭症谱系障碍的儿童和成年人中存在着性别认同问题的过度表现。然而，这种共同发生的预测因素和潜在机制尚不清楚。本跟踪研究旨在探索基线（童年/青少年）对于随后（成年）自报希望成为异性的预测因素，并在一个由88名自闭症个体和42名典型发展对照组成的样本中研究其心理健康相关性。使用了《成人自我报告清单-4》上的一项：“我希望成为异性。”我们比较了有无此项声明的成年人之间的心理健康症状。我们使用预测模型探讨了儿童/青少年时期家庭和与自闭症相关的预测因素与成年时是否声明这一项之间的关系。自闭症谱系障碍组中有更多的成年人承认了这一项，与典型发展对照组相比。承认了这一项的自闭症成年人经历了更多的心理健康挑战、更多的欺凌受害、更多的自杀意念和更差的生活质量。在自闭症个体中，儿童/青少年时期较低的家长报告的家庭支持和更多的刻板/重复行为预测了成年时报告希望成为异性的愿望。有必要更加关注自闭症个体的性别发展及其相关的心理健康影响。

作者：

Tesfaye,R (Tesfaye,Rackeb) ; Courchesne,V (Courchesne,Valerie) ;等；

摘要：

The Autism Voices study draws on novel inclusive methods to obtain the first-person experiences of autistic youth with a range of cognitive and verbal abilities. Thirty-one autistic youth were interviewed with a strength-based protocol, enabling them to provide responses in the modality of their choice. Dynamics between youth and their environments such as home, school, and community were explored. Youth were questioned about their interests, plans for the future, experiences with various emotions, and experience of autism. Based on a thematic analysis, six themes emerged: (1) autistic identities, (2) thinking about the future, (3) seeking social connection on their own terms, (4) seeking autonomy, (5) school as both a stressor and social facilitator, and (6) experiences of stress and anxiety. The experiences described by autistic youth parallel many of the aspirations and challenges of typically developing adolescents, while being uniquely shaped by their autism. We discuss how these insights shared by autistic youth can facilitate active involvement in their communities, promote well-being, and promote optimal transition into adulthood. Autism Voices demonstrates that partnering with multiple stakeholders and the use of inclusive methodologies are pivotal steps toward capturing the voices of all autistic youth. Lay abstract Currently, our understanding of the adolescent period for autistic youth has relied on the expertise of researchers, clinicians, parents, and teachers, yet rarely involves their unique first-person experiences. Our study attempted to understand the experiences and perspectives of autistic adolescents in their home, school, and community environments using the Autism Voices protocol, a semi-structured interview specifically designed and tailored to engage with autistic youth with various language and intellectual levels. The analysis of the 31 interviews conducted with autistic adolescents aged 11-18 years highlighted six themes: (1) autistic identities, (2) thinking about the future, (3) seeking social connection on their own terms, (4) seeking autonomy, (5) school as both a stressor and social facilitator, and (6) experiences of stress and anxiety. These results highlight similarities and differences in the adolescent experiences of autistic youth compared to their typically developing peers. Our findings suggest that by removing assumptions about the experiences of autistic individuals and investing in inclusive interview methods, we can faithfully capture the experiences of autistic youth regardless of their communication and cognitive abilities. Being able to capture and amplify these diverse voices will facilitate the active involvement of autistic communities in research and clinical and policy decisions that impact them.

《自闭症之声》研究利用新颖的包容性方法获取了自闭症青年的第一人称经验，这些青年具有各种认知和语言能力。对三十一名自闭症青年进行了基于优势的访谈协议，使他们能够以自己选择的方式进行回答。探讨了青年与家庭、学校和社区等环境之间的动态关系。对青年的兴趣、未来计划、各种情绪体验和自闭症经历进行了询问。基于主题分析，出现了六个主题：（1）自闭症身份，（2）思考未来，（3）在自己的条件下寻求社交联系，（4）追求自主权，（5）学校既是压力源又是社交促进者，以及（6）压力和焦虑的经历。自闭症青年描述的经历与通常发育的青少年的许多愿望和挑战相似，但受到他们自身自闭症的独特塑造。我们讨论了自闭症青年分享的这些见解如何促进他们积极参与社区，促进健康，并促进顺利过渡到成年生活。《自闭症之声》表明，与多方利益相关者合作和使用包容性方法是捕捉所有自闭症青年声音的关键步骤。摘要目前，我们对于自闭症青年的青少年时期的理解主要依赖于研究人员、临床医生、家长和教师的专业知识，但很少涉及到他们独特的第一人称经验。我们的研究试图使用《自闭症之声》协议，这是一个半结构化访谈，专门设计和定制，旨在与具有不同语言和智力水平的自闭症青年进行互动，以理解他们在家庭、学校和社区环境中的经验和观点。对年龄在11-18岁之间的31名自闭症青少年进行的访谈分析突出了六个主题：（1）自闭症身份，（2）思考未来，（3）在自己的条件下寻求社交联系，（4）追求自主权，（5）学校既是压力源又是社交促进者，以及（6）压力和焦虑的经历。这些结果突显了自闭症青少年与他们通常发育的同龄人之间的青少年经历中的相似之处和差异之处。我们的研究结果表明，通过消除对自闭症个体经验的假设，并投资于包容性访谈方法，我们可以忠实地捕捉自闭症青年的经验，而不受其沟通和认知能力的影响。能够捕捉和放大这些多样化的声音将有助于自闭症社区积极参与对他们产生影响的研究、临床和政策决策。

作者：Gaynor E. McArthur, Eunro Lee & Robin Laycock

摘要：

Theories about autism spectrum disorder (ASD) have addressed cognitive deficits however few have examined how comorbid diagnoses, including sleep disturbance, anxiety and depression contribute to the underlying deficits. We investigated potential mediations of common ASD comorbidities in the relationship between sub-clinical autism traits and cognitive performance using an international community sample. Cognitive tasks assessed working memory [executive functioning (EF) theory], mental state attribution [theory of mind (ToM)], and global/local visual processing [weak central coherence (WCC) theory]. Structural equation modelling (SEM) demonstrated sleep disturbance and anxiety mediated the relationship of autism traits on measures of EF, but not WCC and ToM. This suggests that treating the symptoms of sleep disturbance and anxiety may lead to improvements in working memory.

关于自闭症谱系障碍 （ASD） 的理论已经解决了认知缺陷，但很少有人研究合并症诊断，包括睡眠障碍、焦虑和抑郁如何导致潜在的缺陷。我们使用国际社会样本调查了亚临床自闭症特征与认知表现之间关系中常见 ASD 合并症的潜在中介。认知任务评估了工作记忆 [执行功能 （EF） 理论]、精神状态归因 [心理理论 （ToM）] 和全局/局部视觉处理 [弱中枢相干 （WCC） 理论]。结构方程模型（SEM）表明，睡眠障碍和焦虑介导了自闭症特征对EF测量的关系，但不能介导WCC和ToM。这表明治疗睡眠障碍和焦虑的症状可能会改善工作记忆。